Compare and Contrast the Philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx

Compare and Contrast the Philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx In the idea of human nature; origin of state, the nature of government, the rights of regulation can be drawn as the reflection of insightful philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and Karl Marx. By understanding this within the context of human nature, we can see their ideas play to how they perceive a modern philosophy. Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto illustrates the desire to build "a society without economic classes". John Locke's Political Theory claims the establishment of natural rights which will assist protest against unjust rulers. Thomas Hobbes's most famous publication, the "Leviathan" defines a government which unifies the collective will of many individual and unites them under the authority of sovereign power. Although the three philosophers desire the same result through their theories, its practices and use have indicated that there are difference and similarities both present. All are saying that there should be absolute government, but their areas of specializat ion are different.English: Thomas Hobbes ÐÅ"Ð °Ã ºÃ µÃ ´Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸: Ð ¢Ã ¾Ã¯ ¿ ½...Karl Marx and Thomas Hobbes both agreed on the theory of collectivism over individualism. Marx is more quantitative and calculative in his reasoning, while Hobbes's theories are based on natural laws. The contradiction between Marx's and Hobbes's concepts of material wealth is that -"Modern society view men to compete with each other for material goods and that is just. Humans do not live in isolation but work to achieve together a society that turns a blind eye to what is alienating man from his nature" (Marx). On the other hand, Hobbes argued that "Rights of liberty, property can be transferred from one person to another by means of legal contract. Human beings are naturally selfish, therefore they are always in the state of conflict of 'war' with each other, unless they are forced to obey a sovereign authority or governing power." Though, differences between the...

Free sample - Dyslexia. translation missing

Dyslexia. DyslexiaIntroduction This paper defines visual dyslexia, giving its possible causes. It also sates the effects to the patient who are in most cases children stressing that it is not a disease but an impairment that cannot be treated. Visual dyslexia Visual dyslexia can be defined as a pathological reading difficulty caused by a visual impairment.   It is having difficulty in reading and comprehending text due to visual problems. The patient makes frequent visually based errors more especially in word recognition despite being able to name the component. The patient with these difficulties are said to be visual dyslexics, visuospatial dyslexics or dyseidetic dyslexics. The patient these reading and spelling patterns portray the following visual processing weaknesses. The word dyslexia was derived from the Greek word dys meaning poor or inadequate and lexis meaning works or language (Cardon L. 1994). Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by problems in expressive, receptive, oral or written language. Problems come up in reading, spelling, writing, speaking and listening. Dyslexia is not a disease and it has no cure. It describes a different kind of mind that learns differently. It is not the result of low intelligence or the problem of intelligence. Dyslexia is not a visual problem but it is a language problem. Dyslexia results from differences in the structure and function of the brain. The patient lack the ability to organize or position the way something is seen, confuse shapes, order of letters, and are not able to focus on a specific object for a long period of time. For instance, a child can confuse the shape of a triangle for a square or see the word bat and read the letters backward which results in them seeing tab. Other paralexia (mistakes made by person with visual dyslexia) include saccade (word scanning by series of fixations and fast eye movement) ambiguou s consonants, phonetic value to silent graphemic consonants, vowel digraphs, consonant clusters, shift stress of words, neologisms (new word), loss of syllable and consonants misplaced. Deep dyslexia is a complex reading disorder caused by brain damage in which the symptom is the occupancy of semantic errors in single word (Cardon L. 1994). Causes Photon energies that is specific to hypersensitive individuals induce within the eye’s photopic photoreceptors the conditions that create dyslexic-type visual abnormalities, and that those photon energies can be effectively suppressed before they reach the visual system of susceptible individuals. Dyslexic individuals often experience symptomatic relief when treated with specific colored transparent overlays. Photon energies specific to hypersensitive individuals, induce within the eye’s photopic photoreceptors the conditions that create dyslexic-type visual abnormalities. Photon energies can be suppressed before they reach the visual system of susceptible individuals. Dyslexic patient experience symptomatic relief when treated with specific colored transparent overlays (Michael C. 2004). Paraletic errors are attributed to a dysfunction of the visual analysis system in the dual route parallel model of reading. Studies that have shown that visual dyslexia runs throughout families and is passed on to many children genetically.   A statistical geneticist found evidence that a gene for dyslexia sits on chromosome number six, which is one of the twenty-three chromosomes (Cardon, 1994). Dr. Glen Rosen, a Harvard neuroscientist explained that nerve cells within the left hemisphere of the brain appear smaller than in the right hemisphere. This difference in size of nerve cells throw off the timing of the brain and disrupt its crucial word processing skills, Dr. Albert Balaburda, a neurologist from Harvard postulated that the brain of dyslexic people are bombarded with tiny lesions and out-of-place cells which explains that the core of the problem may live in the machinery that controls prenatal development. Neurologist and researcher of dyslexia broke down the disorder into three different subtypes to establish a technique to teach children with different degrees of dyslexia. The first subtype is known as dysphonetic dyslexia. When these children read, they insert or delete letters and syllables. In dyseidetic dyslexia, the patient can not recognize words as a whole and seem to read very slowly. Lastly, mixed dyslexia and children with this subtype experience both dys phonetic and dysedetic dyslexia; furthermore, mixed dyslexia causes these children more academic failure than any other known subtype. Bakker’s three subtypes were linguistic, perceptual, and mixed dyslexia. Linguistic dyslexia referred to a child s ability to read fast; however many mistakes were present because the child omitted and added letters and syllables. This is similar to Border’s dysphonetic dyslexia. Secondly, perceptual dyslexia exists when a child reads accurately yet slowly. Bakker’s third subtype (mixed dyslexia) is comparable to Boder’s mixed dyslexia since they both are a combination of the first and second subtypes. There are three approaches for treating dyslexic patients and they include the developmental, corrective, and remedial approach. The developmental approach suggests that teachers should instruct in small groups or individually because extra time and attention is necessary for some dyslexic children. The corrective approach also takes place in small or individual groups allowing the child to explore special interests so that the children can rely on their own special abilities in order to overcome difficulties. In the remedial approach, it is considered important to determine the skills that are most difficult and then apply individualized Effects on a student The different motor functions involved in normal reading like eye scanning, fixations and saccades performed to integrate fovea images is disrupted as a result of an acquired lesion to the right or left hemisphere of the eye. Conclusion Visual dyslexia is often inherited through genes. It can be caused by early ear infections as well. There are three approaches for treating dyslexic patients and they include the developmental, corrective, and remedial approach.   References: Boder E. (1973) .Developmenal dyslexia: a diagnostic approach based on three atypical reading-spelling patterns. Cardon L. (1994). Acquired dyslexia. Michael C. (2004). Photon Induced Visual Abnormalities (PIVA) and Visual Dyslexia.

Performance Measurement to Performance Management Essay

Performance Measurement to Performance Management - Essay Example When performance is at par or even better than standards previously set, then the business' financial condition also improves. Budgets are either increased or decreased in support of better organizational survival, Since there are usually many competitors around. When performance measured passes the standards set, salary and other benefits are given for satisfactory performance. Management must have a meeting with the line and staff organization and the organization's goals, strategy, mission, vision, values and strategy to accomplish the goals, purpose of goal and standard setting must be implemented. The employees and stockholders are encouraged thru regular trainings/meetings that they are part of the success and failure of the entire organization. The performance measures give the employees the daily challenges to be conquered. Integration places standards where needed in accomplishing strategic business ventures. Integration also helps hasten change. When actual work is compared with performance, the difference or similarity of the actual against the standards set is compared and management makes the needed decisions for the further improvement of over-all activity. 2.1 Performance Measurement - Measuring performance quantitatively tell us whether our goods, services done by employees have increased or decreased or even remained the same. They help management decide on ways and means to improve performance of some products which have not performed according to pre - set goals. Measurement performance can tell whether the following criteria are in order: a) We are doing as pre- expected b) If customers like our product/service and come back. c) If manufacturing processes are controlled. d) Adjustments can be made to improve present performance. Performance measurement provides us with the needed details to make intelligent decisions. Performance is usually done by taking done the number of units and unit price of goods sold or cost of goods bought. The products could be listed as 1,000.,000 units of product sold at $5.00 each. The actual units sold or produced by the manufacturing department are then compared with pre-determined standard or goals which was agreed upon. Usually the standards or goals are agreed upon between all departments involved. A too high standard may cause some discouragement with the employees. A too low standard may sometimes cause idleness. Units of measurement could be hours, meters, nanoseconds, dollars, reports, number of errors, length of time spend or to be spent These the usual basic of measurement Sometimes, other units of measurement are used. The unit of measurement could be miles per gallon ( for analyzing daily gasoline expenses ), fire accidents in a year ( oganization' s safety program) , number of units produced per day ( sales analysis). This sounds better than the unit of measurement in the prior paragraph. What is important is that the unit of measurement used should be the one to show variances between actual and standard performance Some categories of performance evaluation are enumerated below: 1) Effectiveness - Simply put, actual performance meets the goal set. ( Doingthe job the right way.) 2) Efficiency - Doing the job required at the least possible cost. ( Doing thingsthe right way.) 3) Quality - Products sold or services given meets

Metaphysics of Philosophy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Metaphysics of Philosophy - Research Paper Example The figure is around two times the level of global warming for the 100-year period from 1905 to 2005 (UNIPCC 30). The UNIPCC described the earth’s warming as â€Å"unequivocal† and reported that this is â€Å"evident† in the â€Å"widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level† (30). Global average sea level has been rising from 2.4 to 3.8 millimeter per year or at an average of 1.8 millimeter per year from 1993 to 2003 (UNIPCC 30). Arctic sea ice extent has been decreasing from 2.1 to 3.3% per decade or at an average of 2.7% per decade (UNIPCC 30). In the ongoing global warming, although the ocean is taking up 80% of the additional heat, the land regions have warmed faster than the oceans (UNIPCC 30). The warming is definitely affecting the fishes and the living organisms of the world’s oceans as well as the entire earth’s plant and animal kingdoms or the globe’s flora and fauna in technical terms. The ability of humanity to derive or produce food from the planet is most likely affected. The UNIPCC confirmed that there are shifts and changes in algal and zooplankton abundance in oceans and lakes (31). There are also effects on coral reefs (UNIPCC 31). The UNIPCC also noted that one effect of global warming is an early spring and related events such as â€Å"leaf-unfolding, bird migration and egg-laying† (33). The UNIPCC also reported that with global warming, there is an â€Å"excess heat-related mortality† in Europe and changes in patterns as well as sources of infectious diseases (33). Hunting and travel seasons are affected (UNIPCC 33). The rise in sea level is also contributing to â€Å"losses of coastal wetlands and mangroves† as well as to the â€Å"increasing damage from coastal flooding in many areas† (UNIPCC 33). The UNIPCC has solid evidence on global warming and climate change. It studied

Alka-Seltzer tablets react with water Essay Example for Free

Alka-Seltzer tablets react with water Essay Things tend to go wrong at higher temperatures because at higher temperatures (60iC+) the dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate starts to decompose. This removes the temporary hardness and therefore removes the dissolved Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, therefore making the test unfair because at lower temperatures there was hardness in the water. From the results obtained it has been seen that the rate of reaction increases as the temperature increases, supporting my hypothesis in which I stated that As the temperature increases, so will the rate of reaction, but at higher temperatures the pattern (link) will break down (giving us unreliable results and the trend in the graph will show this). Therefore the Alka-Seltzer tablets dropped into the hottest water will dissolve the fastest. As you can see from the graph, at 80i C the link breaks down, giving us a result that does not fit in with the general trend of results. This is not an anomalous result and there is a reason behind this. Things tend to go wrong at higher temperatures because at higher temperatures (60i C+) the dissolved calcium hydrogen carbonate starts to decompose. This removes the temporary hardness and therefore removes the dissolved Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, therefore making the test unfair because at lower temperatures there was hardness in the water. The graph showing the time in seconds (rate of reaction), against the temperature shows the rate of reaction increasing with the temperature, and there is a curve that at first goes down steeply, but then becomes straighter. At 80i C the link breaks down, giving us an odd result, which can be explained by the fact that the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions are removed due to the decomposing of the calcium hydrogen carbonate. As you can see from the graph and my table of results, the result obtained at 30i C is an anomalous result (i. e. it doesnt follow the general trend). This again supports my hypothesis in which I stated this by saying that the link would break down giving us unreliable results. The link did not break down at 60i C as I had stated that it would because that is only the temperature at which the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions started to decompose and once they had fully decomposed the results showed this. For the 1/time(s) against the temperature (i C) graph I got a straight line, which was the line of best fit. Again it shows how unreliable the results are at higher temperatures, as the results for 70i C and 80i C do not fit in.showing how the link breaks down due to dissolved substances in the water. This shows that the temperature is inversely proportional to the time. Also I predicted that as the temperature increased by 10i C the rate of reaction would approximately double. The results do not clearly show this happening, but I believe that it shows some signs of this happening. At 20i C the average time is 97. 5 seconds. When the temperature was increased to 30i C it approximately doubled (x 2. 17 to 3 significant figures) to 45 seconds. However this is an anomalous result and should be higher. Even so, this still supports my prediction. The next result obtained is for 40i C, which is 37 seconds. There is no sign of the rate doubling (x 1. 22 to 3 significant figures), but if we take into account that the previous result should have been higher, then it would appear to approximately double. From here onwards it does not double for every 10i C. This is due to my theory (scientific background knowledge) that things go wrong at higher temperatures due to the decomposing of calcium hydrogen carbonate at temperatures of 60i C and above. Evaluation: I have obtained a reliable set of results, with repeats of the evidence obtained. An accurate procedure was used, with this being shown by the results obtained which all agree with each other. By using a burette, it allowed me to work up to a very accurate degree of accuracy, rather than simply using a beaker or a measuring cylinder. However, I did use a measuring cylinder for repeat results and this did not seem to affect my results. I obtained one set of anomalous results. These were obtained for a temperature of 30i C and did not fit in with the general trend. According to the best-fit line on my graph, the rate of reaction should have been longer and it should have taken about 58 seconds for the Alka-Seltzer tablets to dissolve in water with a temperature of 30i C. A reason for me obtaining this anomalous result could have been due to the fact that whilst the reaction was taking place the 100ml beaker was still in the water bath. This would have caused the temperature to rise slowly and slowly increase the rate while the tablets were dissolving, therefore causing more collisions and increasing the rate. This did not happen however at higher temperatures, because the temperature of the water bath was about the same, and so it did not really have much effect, and it just kept the temperature constant (i. e. stopped it rising or falling). Although I tried my best to make the experiment perfect there were some unavoidable inaccuracies with the experiment. Firstly, when testing lower temperatures, the temperature of the water bath, which was much higher than the actual temperature being tested, caused a rapid increase in the temperature, or if it were lower it would cause it to decrease rapidly, especially when taken off the Bunsen. These gave us results for inaccurate temperatures to which were we testing. To overcome this problem, a thermostatic water bath would need to have been used, since it can be set to a certain temperature, and it will stop when it reaches there. Also it would mean that the solution inside it would reach the exact temperature or close to it. , and not increase or decrease once the water inside it has reached equilibration. Secondly, it was impossible to say when exactly the Alka-Seltzer tablets had completely dissolved and consistently decide this for every result obtained. This was a huge flaw in the experiment and affected the results in a big way. To overcome this problem a special piece of apparatus would be needed to decide exactly when they had dissolved each time and give us the same measure of consistency each time. To improve the quality of the results, the same piece of apparatus would have needed to be used throughout the whole experiment, and not changed for repeat results. To extend my inquiry and provide additional evidence for this experiment, I think that I could have investigated up to higher temperatures and see how the link would break down, and how the results would fit in with the trend of results. Also, it would have helped me to see how the decomposing of the dissolved substances affected the results. To improve the experiment and make it fair, distilled water should have been used instead of tap water because it is purer than tap water and does not contain impurities.

The Symbol of Ignorance :: Gun Control Freedom Essays

The Symbol of Ignorance Political emblems and logos can symbolize various things to various people. People see the same image but they do not look at it the same. To some, the representation may be positive, while to others it denotes a negative connotation. The National Rifle Association's emblem conveys ignorant ideologies. The National Rifle Association (NRA) founded in 1871 developed an icon that entails a n eagle grasping rifles in its feet while standing atop a shield painted like the American flag. To some, this icon displays pride and the rights granted to us by the United States Constitution. Some individuals are staunch believers that say gun control should have no restrictions and that anyone over the legal age should have the option of owning a firearm without questions asked. The NRA is comprised of these people who are under the assumption that they can justify their actions by shielding (like that the eagle is perched upon) behind the 2nd Amendment of the US Constitution which states that "a well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed." Despite this legal shield, gun control laws need to be enacted. "The right to bear arms" should be loosely interpretated. It was created in 1791 to prote ct the American colonists in times of crisis with either the Native Americans or the British soldiers. Instead, the members of the NRA take this right to the extreme and argue that any form of arsenal is appropriate to own. A few problems arise with this belief. No one can argue validly that owning a machine gun or an AK-47 is necessary. If a husband and his wife feel safer with a gun in the home in the case of burglary or other unsuspected catastrophes, by all means they should be able to have a hidden gun in their residence. If someone is an avid hunter, by all means they should be able to own a rifle. The key word in the last to sentences is "a." A small, hand-held gun would be appropriate for the family who lives in fear and feels safer and more protected. It is pure ignorance to argue that owning deadly guns is a "right" in the United States.

Insomnia Cookies

Organization Structure and Design at Insomnia Cookies What do you think the current organization chart at Insomnia Cookies looks like? Is this structure appropriate for its needs? Explain. What forces have most influenced the structure of Insomnia Cookies? Describe CEO and founder Seth Berkowitz’s span of management. The organization chart is quite confusing because employees of Insomnia Cookies perform beyond their role of duty that they are supposed to. An organization structure should reflect the company’s management chart and the roles and responsibilities of the employees (Lehmann, 1998).In this case, the structure is disorientated. Now, the organizational chart at Insomnia Cookie is divided in three parts, which consists of the top management, middle management, and the lower management. The Chief Executive Officer come founder sits at the part of the top management. The Marketing Director, Chief Operation Officer, Finance Director and the Operations Coordinator i n the middle part of management, while the lower management includes the marketing team, managers, bakers and delivery staffs. At Insomnia Cookies, the Manager force influenced most of the structure in the company.Every manager thinks in a different way. As factors such as experience, knowledge and values shape the person’s way of thinking and perception, some issues could occur when running a company. The executive staffs at Insomnia Cookies are lean, which consists of the Chief Executive Officer (also the founder), a Marketing Director, a Chief Operating Officer, and an Operations Coordinator. When Insomnia Cookies first formed its company, all managers were new and nobody have tried managing a company, thus solution for every issue were made and done only when something serious came up.The task force influenced the change of the activities in Insomnia Cookies. According to Certo and Certo (2012), task includes the degree of technology in performing a task. When issues abou t managing labour costs, food costs and inventory management came up, the Chief Operating Director began with a system and database to manage costs. He multitasked as he went down to store to work with the bakers while he need to manage the operation of local store marketing to ensure the local store growth to be seen as a whole to the global standard.Using the factors that were stated by Koontz (1966), the similarity of functions factor explains that the activities performed by individuals that are under the supervision of Seth Berkowitz are dissimilar. The complexity of functions factor is hard to achieve because the subordinates each have their own complex tasks. Lastly, the coordination factor and the planning factor has negative tendency when the work done needs much coordination and especially when the manager spends much time sorting out plans. With all of these, it is concluded that Seth Berkowitz’s span of management is narrow.